If you just want to know if it can run for a few seconds, you can run it without the water. The engine takes minutes before it gets hot enough to open the thermostat, so you should be fine. Just keep the lower unit removed while you do it.
But really, letting it start and idle for a few seconds won't tell you if it's worth fixing. If it were me, I would do a compression test. A cold compression test isn't as accurate, but it can still tell you if one cylinder is way off from the others or if they're all generally the same. If compression is decent, then it's probably worth fixing imo.