"Allan... all 4 cycle engines
"Allan... all 4 cycle engines actually have two compression ratios...a "mechanical compression ratio" which is the ratio of the cylinder volume at bottom dead center compared to the cylinder volume at top dead center. If the cylinder volume at BDC is 50 cubic inches and the volume at TDC is 5 cubic inches, we say the mechanical compression ratio is 10 to 1. The "effective compression ratio" of an engine with a "mechanical" compression ratio of 10 to 1 compression ratio can be as low as 5 to 1 under idle conditions. With an almost closed throttle(Idle speed) there is a very high intake manifold vacuum and the cylinder is actually under negative pressure when the intake valve closes. The cylinder may move up as much as an inch before it starts to build any positive pressure. At idle speeds when the throttle is closed, cylinder pressures are much lower than they are at Wide open throttle. The only time effective compression ratios approach mechanical compression ratios is at WOT. Even if you had an engine with a 13 to 1 compression ratio, it would run well all day on regular gas because at idle, because the effective compression ratio is actually only about 8 to 1. If an engine is going to knock or "ping", it usually does so under acceleration when the throttle is suddenly opened and cylinder pressures increase and the effective compression ratio almost matches the mechanical compression ratio. When a carburated engine is at idle and the ignition is turned off, the effective compression ratio is low and "run on" rarely occurs. If the idle speed is too high,the partially open throttle will result in a higher effective compression ratio and the engine will often "diesel" or "run on". There does not have to be a "hot spot" or piece of carbon for this to occur...the heat of the combustion chamber will do it. Almost any carbureted engine will "diesel" if you leave your foot on the accelerator when the engines ignition is turned off. Electronic fuel injection has largely put an end to this problem because the fuel is shut off when the ignition is turned off."